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Indian Party Dresses Biography

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Mahatma Gandhi became one of the pivotal figures, if not the main figure, in India's history in the Twentieth Century. Along with Jinnah and Nehru, Gandhi shaped India's history up to its independence in 1947.
Mahatma Gandhi was born on the 2nd of October 1869 and he died on the 30th of January 1948.
Gandhi was born in Porbander in western India. In 1888, he went to London to study law. He returned to Bombay to work as a barrister but went to South Africa to work in 1907. In South Africa, he took part in passive protests against the Transvaal government's treatment of Indian settlers who were in the minority in the region. In 1915, he returned to India and, after joining the Congress movement, he emerged as one of the party's leaders.
Gandhi encouraged Indians to boycott British goods and buy Indian goods instead. This helped to revitalise local economies in India and it also hit home at the British by undermining their economy in the country. Gandhi preached passive resistance, believing that acts of violence against the British only provoked a negative reaction whereas passive resistance provoked the British into doing something which invariably pushed more people into supporting the Indian National Congress movement.
Gandhi was imprisoned in 1922, 1930, 1933 and in 1942. While in prison, he went on hunger strike. His fame was such that his death in prison would make international headlines and greatly embarrass the British at a time when Britain was condemning dictators in Europe.
In 1931, Gandhi came to Britain for the Round Table conferences. Nothing was achieved except for the publicity that Gandhi received for dressing in the clothes of an Indian villager; Gandhi saw this type of dress as perfectly normal for a man who represented the Indian people. The British representatives at the conference were more soberly dressed in formal morning dress.
When in India, Gandhi took on the British where possible. He famous walk to the sea to produce salt was typical of his actions. Britain had a monopoly on salt production in India and Gandhi saw this as wrong. Hence his decision to produce salt by the sea.
He realised that the religious issues of India were too deep for any remedy to work. Hence he collaborated with Mountbatten and Wavell in the build up to independence in 1947. This association with the break-up of India was to cost him his life. There had been one assassination attempt on Gandhi on January 20th 1948 - it had failed. Just ten days later on the 30th January, he was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic who could not forgive Gandhi for his belief that Muslims had equal value to Hindus and no-one was better than anybody else.The date of the hartal was April 6, 1919. "It was a most wonderful spectacle," Gandhi wrote. "The whole of India from one end to the other, towns as well as villages, observed a complete hartal on that day."
To the astonishment of the British, India was paralyzed for twenty-four hours. Millions of Indians marched in the streets and many, including Gandhi, courted arrest by selling books banned by the government.
They were not imprisoned, but Gandhi had unloosed forces he could not contain. He never understood that all men were not as saintly as he, and was horrified when the Indians followed the hartal with violence, looting, and murder.
Gandhi headed for the province known as the Punjab to quiet disorders there, but on the way he was arrested and sent back to Bombay. From there he returned to his ashram at Sabarmati and listened in horror as the reports of violence flowed in. "A rapier run through my body could hardly have pained me more," he said. He fasted three days in penance and called off the satyagraha campaign. He had made a "Himalayan miscalculation" he explained candidly. "I had called on the people to launch upon civil disobedience before they had qualified themselves for it."
Gandhi set about training a band of volunteers in the stern disciplines of satyagraha. He hoped they would help him educate the people, but most of them soon drifted away. The life of a satyagrahi was best suited for a Mahatma.
Meanwhile, agitation continued in the Punjab, and martial law was proclaimed. In spite of this, a meeting was held at about 4 P.M. on April 13 in the city of Amritsar. Between ten and twenty thousand persons were packed into a square almost entirely enclosed by buildings. While the meeting was in progress, a British officer, Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, entered with fifty armed native soldiers. He stationed them on either side of the main entrance and without warning ordered them to fire.
They fired 1,650 rounds of ammunition and struck over fifteen hundred persons; almost four hundred died. The event became known as the Amritsar massacre. General Dyer epitomized the colonial mind at its thickest when he explained, "I thought I would be doing a jolly lot of good."
Refused permission to go to the Punjab, Gandhi spent most of his time working at two weekly newspapers, Young India, which was published in English, and Navajivan, which was published in his own dialect, Gujarati. He used both to edu- cate the people to the ideals and sacrifices of satyagraha.
He was finally permitted to visit the Punjab in the autumn of 1919. The crowds which received him were "delirious with joy." He conducted his own inquiry into the massacre, and as the people came before him their trust turned to worship. With no official title or office he had become the most important man in India.
In November he was invited to a Moslem conference, where he used the term "noncooperation" to describe the next phase of his campaign. The movement was temporarily stayed by reforms offered by the British, but when they resulted in no worthwhile improvement in the Indian condition Gandhi politely advised the Viceroy, in June,1920, of the new policy. The Viceroy called it a "foolish scheme."
A special session of the Indian National Congress was held in September to reaffirm Gandhi's plan. The plan was again approved in December at the annual Congress convention, where Gandhi was unquestioned leader. He framed a new constitution for the party, broadening its base of support in the cities and villages; he offered the resolution which proclaimed the goal of Congress as home rule; and he announced the means of achieving this goal would be noncooperation.
The Congress at this time also affirmed two other Gandhi ideals: it condemned the laws of untouchability and supported the use of homespun clothing.
In Gandhi's first pamphlet on home rule, written ten years earlier, he said the spinning wheel could solve the problem of India's dehumanizing poverty. At Sabarmati he obtained a wheel, and he and his disciples began to wear homespun cloth called khadi. Its value was twofold. If everyone wore khadi, the half-starved, unemployed women of India would have an occupation; and Indians would no longer be forced to wear foreign-made clothing.
Not buying British goods was a form of noncooperation; so was not attending British schools, not paying British taxes, and not serving the British colonial government. "The government rested very largely on the cooperation ... of Indians themselves," Nehru wrote, "and if this cooperation were withdrawn ... it was quite possible, in theory, to bring down the whole structure of government.
"It was, in effect, a peaceful rebellion, a most civilized form of warfare ... There was a strange mixture of nationalism and politics and religion and mysticism and fanaticism ... A demoralized, backward, and broken-up people suddenly straightened their backs and lifted their heads and took part in disciplined, joint action on a countrywide scale."
Gandhi and his followers, both Hindu and Moslem, spent months crossing India's vast expanses carrying their pleas for noncooperation to the people. In some villages the peasants came out not so much to hear Gandhi as to be blessed by his presence.
Often Gandhi asked his listeners to remove the foreign clothing they wore. With religious fervor they stripped off the garments and piled them at Gandhi's feet. Gandhi would light a match to the mound and, as they burned, tell the people not to buy new foreign clothes but rather to spin and weave and make their own, as he did. By September, 1921, he had adopted as his permanent costume the simple loincloth worn by most of India's peasants